Author: Dr. Susan Kerr, WSU Klickitat County Extension Director and Holly Ferguson, WSU- Prosser Extension IPM Coordinator Specialist
Publish Date: Winter 2011
As we enter the colder, darker, damper time of year, we will be re-visited by a pest from the past: lice. An annual problem, lice can affect animal health and farm profitability. Here is a short primer on this parasite.
Species Specificity
Lice are generally quite species specific (Table 1). This means poultry lice won’t spread to cattle or people and vice versa. Sheep and goats can share some lice species, however. The table lists primary locations of particular lice on their host, but keep in mind that when lice numbers are very high, they may be found anywhere on the body.
| Animal Host | Biting lice | Sucking lice | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | location | Species | location | |
| Cattle |
Cattle biting louse |
head, ears, neck, topline, brisket | longnosed cattle louse, little blue cattle louse, shortnosed cattle louse | head,ears,neck, topline, brisket |
| Goats |
Goat biting lice (3 species) |
base of tail, between legs head, neck, topline |
goat sucking lice |
neck, underline udder |
| Equine |
horse biting louse hoof |
roots of forelock and mane, base of tail, hairs above |
horse sucking louse |
side of neck, flanks base of tail |
| Sheep |
sheep biting louse |
all over body |
sheep foot louse face and body louse African blue louse |
on foot hairy parts of skin on flanks |
| Swine | hog louse | in or behind ears, in neck folds, inside legs, inner flanks, under surface of skin | ||
Table 1. Animal hosts and their lice species
Sources: Merck Veterinary Manual 2010 online and www.pested.msu.edu.
Life Cycle
The entire life cycle of most lice species takes about a month and occurs on the host. Adults and nymphs that fall off the host do not survive beyond a few days. Adults feed for about a month, then lay eggs (“nits”) and die. Nits are attached tightly to hair shafts. Eggs hatch in one to three weeks and the resultant nymphs metamorphose into adults. Adult biting lice and nymphs eat dead skin cells, hair and other debris found on skin; adult sucking lice and nymphs penetrate skin and consume blood.
Signs of Infestation
Most experienced livestock owners are well acquainted with the signs of lice infestation: rough coat, hair loss, scratching, irritated skin, secondary skin wounds and infections, weight loss and general restlessness. Occasionally, afflicted animals develop problematic hairballs from licking themselves excessively and ingesting hair. Heavy infestations of sucking lice can result in clinical anemia and even death, especially in young animals. Lice can sometimes transmit disease-causing agents, such as rickettsia. They can also debilitate animals enough to predispose them to secondary problems such as pneumonia.
Transmission
If lice don’t live off the host very well and they aren’t a problem in summer, why are they a problem every winter? Some “carrier” animals may harbor small populations of lice year-round. When it gets to be a louse’s favorite time of year (dark, cold and damp), animals are usually in close contact to stay warm, making it easy for lice to move between animals. Carriers give managers another reason to closely inspect any new animals brought into a herd; consider lice treatment as something to add to your quarantine procedure.
Diagnosis
Examine livestock for lice regularly starting in early fall. To find the more common but less pathogenic biting lice, part the animal’s hair on its neck and back and look for very small moving grayish or brownish insects. The actual louse; it is very small (~2-3 mm) but still visible to the naked eye.
A magnifying glass or zoom lens (macro function) on a digital camera (Figure 2) makes diagnosis eveneasier. Sucking lice are generally larger and darker than biting lice. Depending on the host and lice species, they may also be found on an animal’s muzzle, feet, legs, udder and groin areas. When in doubt, use sticky tape to capture a specimen and take it to your veterinarian for identification.
Treatment and Control
There are two important things to keep in mind regarding treatment:
1. All livestock on an affected premise should be treated at the same time.
2. Most de-lousing treatments do not kill lice eggs.
| Animal host | Treatment |
|---|---|
| Cattle |
Ivermectin subcutaneous injection at 1 ml per 110 lb body weight. Do not treat within 35 days of slaughter
Cyfluthrin pour on at 8 ml per 400 lb of body weight (see label chart). Pour along on top of back and head |
| Goats, Sheep | Zeta-cypermethrin + synergist dust. Apply up to 2 oz per animal evenly into hair over head, ears, neck, shoulders, back and tailhead |
| Horses |
Permethrin 0.5% ready to use. Spray or wipe on with applicator mitt. Avoid eyes. Do not soak hair or skin. |
| Swine |
Ivermectin subcutaneous injection at 1 ml per 75lb body weight. Treat sows 14 days before breeding or farrowing. Do not treat within 18 days of slaughter. Permethrin 0.25% dust. Apply up to 1 oz per animal as a uniform coat to head, shoulders, and back. Do not treat within 5 days of slaughter. |
Table 2. Examples of treatment recommendations for lice on different animal hosts
Source: Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. http://uspest.org/pnw/insects
Note: Your veterinarian may prescribe other treatments that are not listed here.
Lice treatments come in many forms including sprays, pour-ons, dust bags, back rubbers, drenches, dipping vats and even injections for some lice species. Examples of treatments for different animal hosts are in Table 2. Your veterinarian may recommend extra label use of other medications if a valid veterinary client- patient relationship exists and proper record keeping is conducted. For all products, be sure to follow label instructions.
Theoretically, treating all livestock at the same time and re-treating two to three weeks later and moving to a clean environment should break the lice cycle. However, an infestation can persist if dusting powder is used and lice on an animal’s underbelly escape treatment or if nits on shed hair are transported to a new site via clothing, wind, equipment etc.
An early or mid-winter series of two treatments should be conducted when routine monitoring reveals three or more lice per square inch of skin. Lice populations will naturally decline when environmental temperatures are consistently over 60°F. Excellent nutritional programs have been shown to make livestock more resilient to lice infestations.
Use pesticides with care. Apply them only to plants, animals, or sites listed on the label. When mixing and applying pesticides, follow all label precautions to protect yourself and others around you. It is a violation of the law to disregard label directions. If pesticides are spilled on skin or clothing, remove clothing and wash skin thoroughly. Store pesticides in their original containers and keep them out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock.
For more information
http://wiki.bugwood.org/uploads/CattleLice-Cattle.pdf
www.goatbiology.com/lice.html
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/AG369/notes/hog_louse.html